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Objective:To explore the absorption and transport properties of flavanomarein in the Madin-Darby canine kidney(MDCK) monolayer cell model. Method:Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was used to investigate the toxicity of flavanomarein in MDCK cells. The resistance value of MDCK monolayer cell model was detected by Millicell-ERS-2 cell resistometer. The effects of mass concentration of flavanomarein,administration time,sodium-glucose cotransporter(SGLTs) inhibitor and glucose transporter 2(GLUT2) inhibitor on the transmembrane transport of flavanomarein were investigated. The concentration of flavanomarein was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, and the apparent permeability coefficient(Papp) and the efflux ratio(ER) were calculated. Result:When the concentration of flavanomarein was 5.625-120 mg·L-1, there was no significant toxic effect on MDCK cells. The transport of flavanomarein in MDCK monolayer cell model was time-dependent and concentration-dependent. The Papp values of flavanomarein were basically between 1×10-6 cm·s-1 to 10×10-6 cm·s-1. Compared with the blank group, the phlorizin group significantly reduced the transport of flavanomarein on the MDCK monolayer cell model at 60 min and 90 min. Conclusion:Flavanomarein is a moderately absorbed drug in the intestine, its transmembrane transport mechanism is dominated by passive transport along with active transport. SGLTs may be involved in mediating the transport of flavanomarein on the MDCK monolayer cell model.
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Exosomes are membrane vesicles secreted by various cells containing unique proteins and miRNA from secretory cells.They can reflect the physiological and pathological state of secretory cells,and play an important role in cell-to-cell communica?tion.In recent years,the exosomes have become the focus of research,which brings hope for diseases that can not be treated effective?ly.This review aims to summarize the extraction methods,biological markers of diabetic nephropathy(DN)and the potential of exo?somes as drug carriers,hoping to bring new ideas for future studies on the occurrence and development mechanisms as well as the treat?ment of DN.
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To compare the amino acid metabolic profiling in urine of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normal Wistar rats, and investigate the regulatory effect of extract from Coreopsis tinctoria on blood pressure and amino acid metabolic profiling in SHR. Right aged SHR and Wistar rats were housed to fit the new environment for 2 weeks. After that, their systolic pressure(SBP), diastolic pressure(DBP) were measured and urine was collected. Amino acids profiles for SHR and Wistar rats were acquired by using AQC precolumn derivatization HPLC-fluorescence method, and then partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) was applied to facilitate differentiation and determine metabolic differences between collected samples from two groups of rats. Consequently, 40 SHR were randomly divided into 5 groups: model group, high, middle, low dosage groups of C. tinctoria extract (3.2, 1.6,0.8 g•kg⁻¹), and captopril group (4 mg•kg⁻¹). They were treated for 4 weeks by ig administration, and then their urine samples were collected to determine the amino acid metabolic profiling in various groups. After treatment for 4 weeks, as compared with Wistar group, serine, alanine, tyrosine, and cystine in the amino acid metabolic profiling were significantly increased in SHR group. As compared with SHR model group, threonine and methionine were decreased significantly in captopril group (P<0.01); amino acid metabolism was changed to different degrees in high, middle, and low dosage groups of C. tinctoria extract, and the threonine in low dose group was significantly decreased (P<0.01); serine and threonine were decreased (P<0.05), and valine, methionine and lysine were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in middle dose group; threonine, valine, methionine and lysine were significantly decreased in large dose group (P<0.01). The results showed that middle and high doses of extract from C. tinctoria could significantly improve disturbance of amino acid metabolism, help to further clarify the drug property research of C. tinctoria, and provide data support for amino acid metabolic pathway abnormalities in hypertension patients.
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To study the effect of plant protein and animal protein on amino acid metabolism spectrum of Qi and Yin deficiency type 2 diabetic rats. 110 male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group (n=10), diabetic model group (n=20), disease-symptoms group (n=80). The rats of blank group received ordinary feeding, while other groups were fed with high sugar and fat diets. During the whole process of feeding, rats of disease-symptoms group were given with Qingpi-Fuzi (15.75 g•kg⁻¹) once a day through oral administration. Five weeks later, the rats were given with a low dose of STZ (40 mg•kg⁻¹) by intraperitoneal injection to establish experimental diabetic models. Then the models were randomly divided into disease-symptoms group 1 (Qi and Yin deficiency diabetic group, 15.75 g•kg⁻¹), disease-symptoms group 2 (plant protein group, 0.5 g•kg⁻¹), disease-symptoms group 3 (animal protein group, 0.5 g•kg⁻¹), disease-symptoms group 4 (berberine group, 0.1 g•kg⁻¹). The drugs were given for 4 weeks by gavage administration. After 4 weeks of protein intervention, the abdominal aortic blood was collected and serum was isolated to analyze its free amino acid by using AQC pre-column derivatization HPLC and fluorescence detector. Four weeks after the protein intervention, plant protein, animal protein and berberine had no obvious effect on body weight and blood sugar in type 2 diabetic rats. As compared with animal protein group, histidine and proline（P<0.01）, serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, bright+isoleucine, phenylalanine and lysine（P<0.05）changed a lot in rats serum of plant protein group.The results showed that gavage administration of protein would produce effects on amino acid metabolism of Qi and Yin deficiency type 2 diabetic SD rats. Symbolic differential compounds could be found through metabonomics technology, providing experimental basis for early warning of type 2 diabetes and diagnosis of Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome.
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With the application of monoclonal antibody technology more and more widely, its production technology is becoming more and more perfect. Small molecule monoclonal antibody technology is becoming a hot research topic for people. The application of traditional Chinese medicine small molecule monoclonal antibody technology has been more and more widely, the technology for effective Chinese medicine component knockout provide strong technical support. The preparation of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule knockout technology are reviewed in this paper. The preparation of several steps, such as: in the process of preparation of antigen, hapten carrier coupling, coupling ratio determination and identification of artificial antigen and establishment of animal immunization and hybridoma cell lines of monoclonal antibody, the large-scale preparation; small molecule monoclonal antibody on Immune in affinity chromatography column method is discussed in detail. The author believes that this technology will make the traditional Chinese medicine research on a higher level, and improve the level of internationalization of Chinese medicine research.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Chemistry , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Hybridomas , Metabolism , Immunologic Techniques , MethodsABSTRACT
Chemical modification was performed for improving the antioxidant activity of lead compound glycyrrhetinic acid (Ib). Two conjugated diene derivatives were prepared by reduction and dehydration reactions. Their in vitro antioxidant activities were studied using a cytochrome P450/NADPH reductase system from rat liver microsomes. The generation of microsomal free radicals was followed by oxidation of the DCFH-DA probe, while evaluating the capacity to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The initial result showed that the two homo- and heterocyclic diene derivatives--18beta-olean-11,13(18)-diene-3beta, 30-diol (IV) and 18beta-olean-9 (11), 12-diene-3beta, 30-diol (V) exhibited strong antioxidant activities, at a concentration of 1.0 mg x mL(-1), they inhibited free radical (ROS) formation by 45% and 41%, respectively. In the same conditions, the lead compound (Ib) and the reference vitamin E inhibited ROS activity by 31% and 32%. Our results suggest that the elimination of the 11-keto group and the chemical reduction of 30-carboxylic group into hydroxyl function can increase the antioxidant activity of Ib significantly.